Dr. Russell Johnson, Dr. Chu-Hsiang Chang: We extended research on approach and avoidance motivations by investigating (a) motives in work organizations, (b) interactions among approach and avoidance motives, and (c) effects at implicit levels. Results of Studies 1-4 demonstrated that approach and avoidance work motives are markers of more general approach and avoidance temperaments, distinct from other personality traits (e.g., conscientiousnes .....